Government by the People

Government by the People

Lincoln’s passion that the populace should have government for the people and by the people resonates throughout Western democracies even if it is expressed in differing terms. However “by the people” is more problematic than it looks.

If we go back to ancient Athens, that fabled birthplace of democracy we begin to see problems. Plato lived through the turbulent days of an oligarchy imposed after the Spartans defeated Athens, then revolution and restoration of democracy. He remained apart from the bloodthirsty oligarchy, who killed off the democratic leaders, even sending death squads after those who fled the country. He saw the injustice of political opponents executed so that their property could be seized. But when democracy was restored he saw that “the people” were scarcely any better.

Plato scornfully noted how easily the demos or people could be swayed by an artful speaker. Particularly one, as he wrote, who promised to “plunder the rich and give to the poor”. However his conclusion, that government should be not “by the people” but by the most able thinkers is exactly what British voters have rejected in their decision to leave the European Union with its burgeoning unelected technocracy.

It is a long time since I studied Plato and Aristotle, but I think it was the latter who made the distinction between “mob rule” and “constitutional democracy”.

If my memory serves me correctly (since Google has let me down!) Aristotle saw the same problem as Plato and said in effect: “If the demos rules unrestrained by law and custom will they not, being in the majority, say 'let us plunder the rich, by God it is just'”. However his solution was to limit what the assembly could vote by overarching rules.

If we look at one element of government: the dispensing of justice this difference is clear. In the Wild West the lynch mob ruled. Then lawmen brought peace and progression to “a fair trial”. Law courts with due process, rules of evidence and the ability of the accused to put their side of the case are are much superior to the lynch mob. Interestingly fair trial was commanded back in the Old Testament, where ideals of justice were repeatedly set out and the danger of lying witnesses and the fickleness of the crowd warned against. However every few generations we seem to have to learn them anew – now we seem to be falling back into the lynch mob mentality with “trial by social media”.

Lord Acton, author of the famous “power corrupts...” quote also said;

“The one pervading evil of democracy is the tyranny of the majority, or rather of that party, not always the majority, that succeeds, by force or fraud, in carrying elections.”

In recent times this has been borne out in Western democracies by the proliferation of regulations ostensibly aimed at protecting minorities which has led to the tyranny by these minorities over the majority – which simply inflicts the claimed injustice on even more people!

The reservations all these thinkers have had about rule “by the people” can, I think, be summed up by saying: “We are all sinners”. We are all capable of being selfish and greedy, so there is a danger that we will elect those who promise us most. We can go with the crowd and the spirit of the age against what is righteous and just.

I think two things are required to make democracy work:

1. Rule of Law. Where there is a constitution, hundreds of years of judicial precedent on what is right and just and an independent judiciary that can curb the excesses even of an elected president

2. Moral Backbone. Where there are enough people of good conscience to save the nation from the particular evils taking flourishing at that time.

Without these, government by the people is only as good as the worst half of the people, and historically, that is not very good.